Periodic Table/Nickel
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28Ni58.6934 Da

Nickel

Transition Metal·Period 4, Group 10·s-block

Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751.

Gallery

Nickel Chunk

Materialscientist at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

Bohr model of Nickel

Physical Propertiesmass · density · phase · crystal

Atomic Mass

58.6934Da

Density

8.9000g/cm³

Phase (STP)

Solid

Melting Point

1728.2K

Boiling Point

3186.2K

Molar Heat

0.4440J/(mol·K)

Crystal Structure

FCC

Lattice Constant

3.520Å

Atomic Radiiatomic · covalent · van der Waals

Atomic (Empirical)

135.00pm

Covalent

110.00pm

Van der Waals

197.00pm

Electronic Propertieselectronegativity · ionization · affinity

Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d8 4s2

Electron Shells

2, 8, 16, 2

Electronegativity

1.91Pauling

Electron Affinity

1.2kJ/mol

1st Ionization Energy

7.6kJ/mol

Oxidation States

-2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4

Orbital DiagramAufbau · Hund's rule · Pauli exclusion

↑↓
1s2
↑↓
2s2
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
2p6
↑↓
3s2
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
3p6
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑
↑
3d8
↑↓
4s2

Full: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 4s2Short: [Ar] 3d8 4s2

Ionization Energies (28 known)

1st7.6 kJ/mol2nd18.2 kJ/mol3rd35.2 kJ/mol4th54.9 kJ/mol5th76.1 kJ/mol6th108.0 kJ/mol7th132.0 kJ/mol8th162.0 kJ/mol9th193.2 kJ/mol10th224.7 kJ/mol11th319.5 kJ/mol12th351.6 kJ/mol13th384.5 kJ/mol14th429.3 kJ/mol15th462.8 kJ/mol16th495.4 kJ/mol17th571.1 kJ/mol18th607.0 kJ/mol19th1540.1 kJ/mol20th1646.0 kJ/mol21th1758.0 kJ/mol22th1880.0 kJ/mol23th2008.1 kJ/mol24th2130.5 kJ/mol25th2295.6 kJ/mol26th2399.3 kJ/mol27th10288.9 kJ/mol28th10775.4 kJ/molSuccessive Ionization Energies

Emission Spectrumvisible range · characteristic spectral lines

382
386
471
508
Ni emission
380nm750nm
341.5 nm(100%)381.9 nm(70%)385.8 nm(60%)471.4 nm(30%)508.1 nm(20%)

Abundanceby mass

🌍Earth's Crust
84.0 ppm
🌊Ocean
560.0 ppt
✨Universe
49.0 ppm
🧬Human Body
100.0 ppb

Log scale · ppm = parts per million by mass

Biological Role

Essential (trace)

Essential for some plant enzymes (urease). May be required in trace amounts by animals.

Discovery

Discovered By

Axel Cronstedt

Named By

—

Year

1751

Nuclear Data

Known Isotopes

35

Stable Isotopes

5

Stable Mass Numbers

58, 60, 61, 62, 64

Natural isotopic abundance (IUPAC recommended values)

Isotopes of Ni35 known

NuclideZNMass (AMU)Half-lifeDecayJπAbundance
48Ni282048.0195152.80 ms2p (0.7%), β⁺ (0.3%), β⁺p0+—
49Ni282149.0091577.50 msβ⁺ (1%), β⁺p (0.8340000000000001%)7/2-—
50Ni282249.99628618.5 msβ⁺ (1%), β⁺p (0.73%), 2p (0.14%)0+—
58Nistable283057.935342Stable2β⁺0+6807.6900%
60Nistable283259.930785Stablestable (1%)0+2622.3100%
61Nistable283360.931055Stablestable (1%)3/2-113.9900%
62Nistable283461.928345Stablestable (1%)0+363.4500%
64Nistable283663.927966Stablestable (1%)0+92.5600%
80Ni285279.97505130.0 msβ⁻ (1%), β⁻n, 2n0+—
81Ni285380.982727Unknownβ⁻3/2+—
82Ni285481.988492Unknownβ⁻0+—

Click any isotope for its full page with decay chain:

48Ni49Ni50Ni51Ni52Ni53Ni54Ni55Ni56Ni57Ni58Ni59Ni60Ni61Ni62Ni63Ni64Ni65Ni66Ni67Ni68Ni69Ni70Ni71Ni72Ni73Ni74Ni75Ni76Ni77Ni78Ni79Ni80Ni81Ni82Ni
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