GHS Hazard Symbols & Lab Safety

Globally Harmonized System (GHS) hazard pictograms, region-specific safety systems, and essential laboratory safety rules.

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GHS Hazard Pictograms

The Globally Harmonized System uses nine pictograms to communicate chemical hazards. These symbols appear on labels and Safety Data Sheets worldwide.

Exploding Bomb

GHS01

Unstable explosives, self-reactive substances, organic peroxides

Examples: TNT, nitroglycerin, ammonium nitrate

Flame

GHS02

Flammable gases, liquids, solids, aerosols; pyrophoric substances; self-heating substances

Examples: Ethanol, acetone, hydrogen, diethyl ether

Flame Over Circle

GHS03

Oxidizing gases, liquids, and solids

Examples: Hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, sodium hypochlorite

Gas Cylinder

GHS04

Compressed gases, liquefied gases, dissolved gases, refrigerated liquefied gases

Examples: Nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide cylinders

Corrosion

GHS05

Corrosive to metals; causes severe skin burns and eye damage

Examples: HCl, NaOH, H₂SO₄, concentrated HNO₃

Skull and Crossbones

GHS06

Acute toxicity (fatal or toxic if swallowed, inhaled, or through skin contact)

Examples: Cyanide salts, arsenic trioxide, phosgene

Exclamation Mark

GHS07

Irritant to skin/eyes, narcotic effects, respiratory tract irritation, hazardous to ozone layer

Examples: Many organic solvents, dilute acids, household cleaners

Health Hazard

GHS08

Carcinogen, mutagen, reproductive toxin, respiratory sensitizer, organ toxicity, aspiration hazard

Examples: Benzene, formaldehyde, asbestos, toluene diisocyanate

Environment

GHS09

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute and chronic toxicity)

Examples: Mercury compounds, certain pesticides, tributyltin

NFPA 704 Diamond

The NFPA 704 “fire diamond” is a system used by emergency responders to quickly identify the risks posed by hazardous materials. Each quadrant uses a 0–4 rating scale.

FIRE
HEALTH
REACT
SPEC

Red (Top) — Flammability

0Will not burn (e.g., water)
1Must be preheated to burn; flash point above 93 °C
2Must be moderately heated; flash point between 38–93 °C
3Ignites at normal temperatures; flash point below 38 °C
4Burns readily at ambient conditions; flash point below 23 °C

Blue (Left) — Health Hazard

0No hazard beyond ordinary combustible material
1Slightly hazardous; may cause irritation
2Hazardous; intense or continued exposure could cause incapacitation
3Serious; short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury
4Deadly; very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury

Yellow (Right) — Reactivity

0Stable; not reactive with water
1Normally stable; unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures
2Violent chemical change possible at elevated temperature/pressure
3Capable of detonation with strong initiating source or heating under confinement
4Readily detonates or explosively decomposes at normal conditions

White (Bottom) — Special Notices

OXOxidizer
Reacts with water in an unusual or dangerous manner
SASimple asphyxiant gas (nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon)

OSHA Hazard Communication Standard

The OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (HCS 2012, 29 CFR 1910.1200) was revised in 2012 to align with the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. This standard requires chemical manufacturers and importers to evaluate the hazards of chemicals they produce or import, and to provide hazard information to downstream users via labels and Safety Data Sheets (SDS). All employers with hazardous chemicals in their workplaces must have labels, SDS, and a written hazard communication program, and must provide training for exposed workers.

Essential Lab Safety Rules

1

Always wear safety goggles, lab coat, and closed-toe shoes. Tie back long hair and remove dangling jewelry.

2

Never pipette by mouth. Always use a pipette bulb or mechanical pipettor.

3

Know the location of the safety shower, eyewash station, fire extinguisher, fire blanket, and all exits before beginning work.

4

Add acid to water, never water to acid. Remember: "Do as you oughta, add acid to water." The exothermic mixing reaction can cause violent spattering if done in reverse.

5

Never leave Bunsen burners, hot plates, or heating mantles unattended. Turn off all heat sources when not in active use.

6

Dispose of chemicals properly — never pour anything down the drain without explicit guidance. Use designated waste containers for organic, inorganic, and halogenated waste.

7

Label all containers with the compound name, concentration, date, and your initials. Never use unlabeled containers.

8

Read the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) before using any unfamiliar chemical. Pay special attention to sections on hazards, first aid, and proper handling.

9

Never eat, drink, chew gum, or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. Wash hands thoroughly before leaving.

10

Report all spills, accidents, broken glassware, and injuries to your instructor or supervisor immediately, no matter how minor.

GHS pictogram classifications follow the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (Rev. 10, 2023). NFPA 704 ratings follow the National Fire Protection Association standard. EU content follows CLP Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008. Always consult the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for specific chemical hazard information.