GHS Hazard Symbols & Lab Safety
Globally Harmonized System (GHS) hazard pictograms, region-specific safety systems, and essential laboratory safety rules.
GHS Hazard Pictograms
The Globally Harmonized System uses nine pictograms to communicate chemical hazards. These symbols appear on labels and Safety Data Sheets worldwide.
Exploding Bomb
GHS01Unstable explosives, self-reactive substances, organic peroxides
Examples: TNT, nitroglycerin, ammonium nitrate
Flame
GHS02Flammable gases, liquids, solids, aerosols; pyrophoric substances; self-heating substances
Examples: Ethanol, acetone, hydrogen, diethyl ether
Flame Over Circle
GHS03Oxidizing gases, liquids, and solids
Examples: Hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, sodium hypochlorite
Gas Cylinder
GHS04Compressed gases, liquefied gases, dissolved gases, refrigerated liquefied gases
Examples: Nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide cylinders
Corrosion
GHS05Corrosive to metals; causes severe skin burns and eye damage
Examples: HCl, NaOH, H₂SO₄, concentrated HNO₃
Skull and Crossbones
GHS06Acute toxicity (fatal or toxic if swallowed, inhaled, or through skin contact)
Examples: Cyanide salts, arsenic trioxide, phosgene
Exclamation Mark
GHS07Irritant to skin/eyes, narcotic effects, respiratory tract irritation, hazardous to ozone layer
Examples: Many organic solvents, dilute acids, household cleaners
Health Hazard
GHS08Carcinogen, mutagen, reproductive toxin, respiratory sensitizer, organ toxicity, aspiration hazard
Examples: Benzene, formaldehyde, asbestos, toluene diisocyanate
Environment
GHS09Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute and chronic toxicity)
Examples: Mercury compounds, certain pesticides, tributyltin
NFPA 704 Diamond
The NFPA 704 “fire diamond” is a system used by emergency responders to quickly identify the risks posed by hazardous materials. Each quadrant uses a 0–4 rating scale.
Red (Top) — Flammability
Blue (Left) — Health Hazard
Yellow (Right) — Reactivity
White (Bottom) — Special Notices
OSHA Hazard Communication Standard
The OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (HCS 2012, 29 CFR 1910.1200) was revised in 2012 to align with the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. This standard requires chemical manufacturers and importers to evaluate the hazards of chemicals they produce or import, and to provide hazard information to downstream users via labels and Safety Data Sheets (SDS). All employers with hazardous chemicals in their workplaces must have labels, SDS, and a written hazard communication program, and must provide training for exposed workers.
Essential Lab Safety Rules
Always wear safety goggles, lab coat, and closed-toe shoes. Tie back long hair and remove dangling jewelry.
Never pipette by mouth. Always use a pipette bulb or mechanical pipettor.
Know the location of the safety shower, eyewash station, fire extinguisher, fire blanket, and all exits before beginning work.
Add acid to water, never water to acid. Remember: "Do as you oughta, add acid to water." The exothermic mixing reaction can cause violent spattering if done in reverse.
Never leave Bunsen burners, hot plates, or heating mantles unattended. Turn off all heat sources when not in active use.
Dispose of chemicals properly — never pour anything down the drain without explicit guidance. Use designated waste containers for organic, inorganic, and halogenated waste.
Label all containers with the compound name, concentration, date, and your initials. Never use unlabeled containers.
Read the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) before using any unfamiliar chemical. Pay special attention to sections on hazards, first aid, and proper handling.
Never eat, drink, chew gum, or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. Wash hands thoroughly before leaving.
Report all spills, accidents, broken glassware, and injuries to your instructor or supervisor immediately, no matter how minor.
GHS pictogram classifications follow the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (Rev. 10, 2023). NFPA 704 ratings follow the National Fire Protection Association standard. EU content follows CLP Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008. Always consult the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for specific chemical hazard information.