Gallery
Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/phosphorus.php
Physical Propertiesmass · density · phase · crystal
Atomic Mass
30.9738Da
Density
1.8230g/cm³
Phase (STP)
Solid
Melting Point
—
Boiling Point
—
Molar Heat
0.7690J/(mol·K)
Crystal Structure
CUB
Lattice Constant
7.170Å
Atomic Radiiatomic · covalent · van der Waals
Atomic (Empirical)
100.00pm
Covalent
111.00pm
Van der Waals
180.00pm
Electronic Propertieselectronegativity · ionization · affinity
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s2 3p3
Electron Shells
2, 8, 5
Electronegativity
2.19Pauling
Electron Affinity
0.7kJ/mol
1st Ionization Energy
10.5kJ/mol
Oxidation States
-3, -2, -1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5
Orbital DiagramAufbau · Hund's rule · Pauli exclusion
Full: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3Short: [Ne] 3s2 3p3
Ionization Energies (15 known)
Emission Spectrumvisible range · characteristic spectral lines
Abundanceby mass
Log scale · ppm = parts per million by mass
Biological Role
Component of DNA, RNA, ATP, and phospholipid cell membranes. ~1% of body mass.
Discovery
Discovered By
Hennig Brand
Named By
—
Year
1669
Nuclear Data
Known Isotopes
24
Stable Isotopes
3
Stable Mass Numbers
24, 25, 31
Natural isotopic abundance (IUPAC recommended values)
Isotopes of P24 known
| Nuclide | Z | N | Mass (AMU) | Half-life | Decay | Jπ | Abundance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24Pstable | 15 | 9 | 24.036522 | Stable | p, β⁺, β⁺p | 1+ | — |
| 25Pstable | 15 | 10 | 25.021675 | Stable | p | 1/2+ | — |
| 26P | 15 | 11 | 26.011780 | 43.6 ms | β⁺ (1%), β⁺p (0.35100000000000003%), 2p (0.0199%) | 3 | — |
| 31Pstable | 15 | 16 | 30.973762 | Stable | stable (1%) | 1/2+ | 10000.0000% |
| 45P | 15 | 30 | 45.017134 | Unknown | β⁻, β⁻n, 2n | 1/2+ | — |
| 46P | 15 | 31 | 46.024520 | Unknown | β⁻, β⁻n, 2n | — | — |
| 47P | 15 | 32 | 47.030929 | Unknown | β⁻, β⁻n, 2n | 1/2+ | — |