Periodic Table/Lead
← TlBi →
82Pb207.2000 Da

Lead

Unknown·Period 6, Group 14·p-block

Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to group 14. Used in building construction, lead-place accumulators, bullets and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and fusible alloys.

Gallery

Ultrapure Lead Bead from two sides. Original size in cm: 1.5 x 2

Chemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/lead.php

Bohr model of Lead

Physical Propertiesmass · density · phase · crystal

Atomic Mass

207.2000Da

Density

11.3000g/cm³

Phase (STP)

Solid

Melting Point

600.6K

Boiling Point

2022.2K

Molar Heat

0.1300J/(mol·K)

Crystal Structure

FCC

Lattice Constant

4.950Å

Atomic Radiiatomic · covalent · van der Waals

Atomic (Empirical)

180.00pm

Covalent

144.00pm

Van der Waals

202.00pm

Electronic Propertieselectronegativity · ionization · affinity

Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2

Electron Shells

2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4

Electronegativity

1.80Pauling

Electron Affinity

0.4kJ/mol

1st Ionization Energy

7.4kJ/mol

Oxidation States

-4, +2, +4

Orbital DiagramAufbau · Hund's rule · Pauli exclusion

↑↓
1s2
↑↓
2s2
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
2p6
↑↓
3s2
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
3p6
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
3d10
↑↓
4s2
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
4p6
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
4d10
↑↓
5s2
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
5p6
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
4f14
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
5d10
↑↓
6s2
↑
↑
6p2

Full: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2Short: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2

Ionization Energies (82 known)

1st7.4 kJ/mol2nd15.0 kJ/mol3rd31.9 kJ/mol4th42.3 kJ/mol5th68.8 kJ/mol6th82.9 kJ/mol7th100.1 kJ/mol8th120.0 kJ/mol9th138.0 kJ/mol10th158.0 kJ/mol11th182.0 kJ/mol12th203.0 kJ/mol13th224.0 kJ/mol14th245.1 kJ/mol15th338.1 kJ/mol16th374.0 kJ/mol17th401.0 kJ/mol18th427.0 kJ/mol19th478.0 kJ/mol20th507.0 kJ/mol21th570.0 kJ/mol22th610.0 kJ/mol23th650.0 kJ/mol24th690.0 kJ/mol25th750.0 kJ/mol26th810.0 kJ/mol27th870.0 kJ/mol28th930.0 kJ/mol29th990.0 kJ/mol30th1050.0 kJ/mol31th1120.0 kJ/mol32th1180.0 kJ/mol33th1240.0 kJ/mol34th1300.0 kJ/mol35th1360.0 kJ/mol36th1430.0 kJ/mol37th1704.0 kJ/mol38th1760.0 kJ/mol39th1819.0 kJ/mol40th1884.0 kJ/mol41th1945.0 kJ/mol42th2004.0 kJ/mol43th2101.0 kJ/mol44th2163.0 kJ/mol45th2230.0 kJ/mol46th2292.0 kJ/mol47th2543.0 kJ/mol48th2605.0 kJ/mol49th2671.0 kJ/mol50th2735.0 kJ/mol51th2965.0 kJ/mol52th3036.0 kJ/mol53th3211.0 kJ/mol54th3282.1 kJ/mol55th5414.0 kJ/mol56th5555.0 kJ/mol57th5703.0 kJ/mol58th5862.0 kJ/mol59th6015.0 kJ/mol60th6162.0 kJ/mol61th6442.0 kJ/mol62th6597.0 kJ/mol63th6767.0 kJ/mol64th6924.0 kJ/mol65th7362.0 kJ/mol66th7500.0 kJ/mol67th7650.0 kJ/mol68th7790.0 kJ/mol69th8520.0 kJ/mol70th8680.0 kJ/mol71th9000.0 kJ/mol72th9150.0 kJ/mol73th19590.0 kJ/mol74th19970.0 kJ/mol75th20380.0 kJ/mol76th20750.0 kJ/mol77th23460.0 kJ/mol78th23940.0 kJ/mol79th24550.0 kJ/mol80th24938.2 kJ/mol81th99491.8 kJ/mol82th101336.7 kJ/molSuccessive Ionization Energies

Emission Spectrumvisible range · characteristic spectral lines

406
406
723
Pb emission
380nm750nm
405.8 nm(100%)406.2 nm(30%)722.9 nm(15%)

Abundanceby mass

🌍Earth's Crust
14.0 ppm
🌊Ocean
30.0 ppt
✨Universe
10.0 ppb
🧬Human Body
1.7 ppm

Log scale · ppm = parts per million by mass

Biological Role

Toxic

Neurotoxin, especially harmful to children. Causes lead poisoning. No safe exposure level.

Discovery

Discovered By

Known to the ancients.

Named By

—

Year

—

Nuclear Data

Known Isotopes

43

Stable Isotopes

4

Stable Mass Numbers

204, 206, 207, 208

Natural isotopic abundance (IUPAC recommended values)

Isotopes of Pb43 known

NuclideZNMass (AMU)Half-lifeDecayJπAbundance
178Pb8296178.003836250 μsα (1%), β⁺0+—
179Pb8297179.0022022.70 msα (1%)9/2-—
180Pb8298179.9979164.10 msα (1%)0+—
204Pbstable82122203.973044Stableα0+140.0000%
206Pbstable82124205.974465Stableα0+2410.0000%
207Pbstable82125206.975897Stableα1/2-2210.0000%
208Pbstable82126207.976652Stableα0+5240.0000%
218Pb82136218.01677914.8 sβ⁻ (1%)0+—
219Pb82137219.022136Unknownβ⁻11/2+—
220Pb82138220.025905Unknownβ⁻0+—

Click any isotope for its full page with decay chain:

178Pb179Pb180Pb181Pb182Pb183Pb184Pb185Pb186Pb187Pb188Pb189Pb190Pb191Pb192Pb193Pb194Pb195Pb196Pb197Pb198Pb199Pb200Pb201Pb202Pb203Pb204Pb205Pb206Pb207Pb208Pb209Pb210Pb211Pb212Pb213Pb214Pb215Pb216Pb217Pb218Pb219Pb220Pb
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