Periodic Table/Bromine
← SeKr →
35Br79.9040 Da

Bromine

Halogen·Period 4, Group 17·p-block

Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine. Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapour irritates eyes and throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard.

Gallery

99.5 % pure liquid Bromine in a 4 x 1 cm big glass ampoule, cast in acrylic

Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/bromine.php

Bohr model of Bromine

Physical Propertiesmass · density · phase · crystal

Atomic Mass

79.9040Da

Density

3.1028g/cm³

Phase (STP)

Liquid

Melting Point

265.9K

Boiling Point

331.9K

Molar Heat

0.4740J/(mol·K)

Crystal Structure

ORC

Lattice Constant

6.670Å

Atomic Radiiatomic · covalent · van der Waals

Atomic (Empirical)

115.00pm

Covalent

114.00pm

Van der Waals

185.00pm

Electronic Propertieselectronegativity · ionization · affinity

Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5

Electron Shells

2, 8, 18, 7

Electronegativity

2.96Pauling

Electron Affinity

3.4kJ/mol

1st Ionization Energy

11.8kJ/mol

Oxidation States

-1, +1, +3, +5, +7

Orbital DiagramAufbau · Hund's rule · Pauli exclusion

↑↓
1s2
↑↓
2s2
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
2p6
↑↓
3s2
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
3p6
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
3d10
↑↓
4s2
↑↓
↑↓
↑
4p5

Full: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5Short: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5

Ionization Energies (35 known)

1st11.8 kJ/mol2nd21.6 kJ/mol3rd34.9 kJ/mol4th47.8 kJ/mol5th59.6 kJ/mol6th87.4 kJ/mol7th103.0 kJ/mol8th192.6 kJ/mol9th224.0 kJ/mol10th261.0 kJ/mol11th301.0 kJ/mol12th338.0 kJ/mol13th393.0 kJ/mol14th436.0 kJ/mol15th481.0 kJ/mol16th530.0 kJ/mol17th577.0 kJ/mol18th716.3 kJ/mol19th761.0 kJ/mol20th809.8 kJ/mol21th870.0 kJ/mol22th920.8 kJ/mol23th963.0 kJ/mol24th1070.6 kJ/mol25th1119.2 kJ/mol26th2731.4 kJ/mol27th2869.0 kJ/mol28th3021.0 kJ/mol29th3169.0 kJ/mol30th3361.0 kJ/mol31th3523.1 kJ/mol32th3735.0 kJ/mol33th3869.0 kJ/mol34th16317.0 kJ/mol35th16937.1 kJ/molSuccessive Ionization Energies

Emission Spectrumvisible range · characteristic spectral lines

479
624
700
Br emission
380nm750nm
478.6 nm(100%)624.3 nm(40%)700.1 nm(30%)

Abundanceby mass

🌍Earth's Crust
2.4 ppm
🌊Ocean
67.3 ppm
✨Universe
7.0 ppb
🧬Human Body
2.9 ppm

Log scale · ppm = parts per million by mass

Biological Role

Essential (trace)

Required as bromide ion for collagen IV assembly in tissue development.

Discovery

Discovered By

Antoine J. Balard

Named By

—

Year

1826

Nuclear Data

Known Isotopes

34

Stable Isotopes

6

Stable Mass Numbers

65, 66, 67, 68, 79, 81

Natural isotopic abundance (IUPAC recommended values)

Isotopes of Br34 known

NuclideZNMass (AMU)Half-lifeDecayJπAbundance
65Brstable353064.982297Stablep5/2-—
66Brstable353165.974697Stablep0+—
67Brstable353266.965078Stablep1/2-—
68Brstable353367.958356Stablep3+—
79Brstable354478.918338Stablestable (1%)3/2-5065.0000%
81Brstable354680.916288Stablestable (1%)3/2-4935.0000%
96Br356195.958980Unknownβ⁻, β⁻n, 2n——
97Br356296.963499Unknownβ⁻, β⁻n, 2n5/2-—
98Br356397.969887Unknownβ⁻, β⁻n, 2n——

Click any isotope for its full page with decay chain:

65Br66Br67Br68Br69Br70Br71Br72Br73Br74Br75Br76Br77Br78Br79Br80Br81Br82Br83Br84Br85Br86Br87Br88Br89Br90Br91Br92Br93Br94Br95Br96Br97Br98Br
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