Periodic Table/Cadmium
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48Cd112.4140 Da

Cadmium

Transition Metal·Period 5, Group 12·s-block

Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the periodic table. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically similar to zinc, but lends itself to more complex compounds. Discovered in 1817 by F. Stromeyer.

Gallery

48 Cd Cadmium

Chemical Elements A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/cadmium.php

Bohr model of Cadmium

Physical Propertiesmass · density · phase · crystal

Atomic Mass

112.4140Da

Density

8.6900g/cm³

Phase (STP)

Solid

Melting Point

594.2K

Boiling Point

1040.2K

Molar Heat

0.2320J/(mol·K)

Crystal Structure

HEX

Lattice Constant

2.980Å

Atomic Radiiatomic · covalent · van der Waals

Atomic (Empirical)

155.00pm

Covalent

136.00pm

Van der Waals

218.00pm

Electronic Propertieselectronegativity · ionization · affinity

Electron Configuration

[Kr] 4d10 5s2

Electron Shells

2, 8, 18, 18, 2

Electronegativity

1.69Pauling

Electron Affinity

—

1st Ionization Energy

9.0kJ/mol

Oxidation States

+1, +2

Orbital DiagramAufbau · Hund's rule · Pauli exclusion

↑↓
1s2
↑↓
2s2
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
2p6
↑↓
3s2
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
3p6
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
3d10
↑↓
4s2
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
4p6
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
4d10
↑↓
5s2

Full: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2Short: [Kr] 4d10 5s2

Ionization Energies (48 known)

1st9.0 kJ/mol2nd16.9 kJ/mol3rd37.5 kJ/mol4th51.0 kJ/mol5th67.9 kJ/mol6th87.0 kJ/mol7th105.0 kJ/mol8th130.1 kJ/mol9th150.0 kJ/mol10th173.0 kJ/mol11th195.0 kJ/mol12th218.0 kJ/mol13th305.0 kJ/mol14th329.0 kJ/mol15th358.0 kJ/mol16th385.0 kJ/mol17th421.0 kJ/mol18th452.6 kJ/mol19th513.0 kJ/mol20th546.2 kJ/mol21th963.0 kJ/mol22th1026.0 kJ/mol23th1095.0 kJ/mol24th1167.0 kJ/mol25th1237.0 kJ/mol26th1320.0 kJ/mol27th1401.0 kJ/mol28th1477.0 kJ/mol29th1558.0 kJ/mol30th1635.0 kJ/mol31th1852.0 kJ/mol32th1917.9 kJ/mol33th1998.0 kJ/mol34th2091.0 kJ/mol35th2195.0 kJ/mol36th2250.0 kJ/mol37th2427.0 kJ/mol38th2498.6 kJ/mol39th5839.0 kJ/mol40th6039.0 kJ/mol41th6257.0 kJ/mol42th6460.0 kJ/mol43th6869.0 kJ/mol44th7109.0 kJ/mol45th7414.0 kJ/mol46th7607.9 kJ/mol47th31451.1 kJ/mol48th32341.6 kJ/molSuccessive Ionization Energies

Emission Spectrumvisible range · characteristic spectral lines

509
644
468
479
Cd emission
380nm750nm
508.6 nm(100%)643.8 nm(60%)467.8 nm(40%)479.0 nm(30%)

Abundanceby mass

🌍Earth's Crust
150.0 ppb
🌊Ocean
110.0 ppt
✨Universe
2.0 ppb
🧬Human Body
700.0 ppb

Log scale · ppm = parts per million by mass

Biological Role

Toxic

Highly toxic. Accumulates in kidneys and liver. Causes itai-itai disease. Known carcinogen.

Discovery

Discovered By

Fredrich Stromeyer

Named By

—

Year

1817

Nuclear Data

Known Isotopes

42

Stable Isotopes

7

Stable Mass Numbers

106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, 135

Natural isotopic abundance (IUPAC recommended values)

Isotopes of Cd42 known

NuclideZNMass (AMU)Half-lifeDecayJπAbundance
94Cd484693.956586Unknownβ⁺, β⁺p0+—
95Cd484794.94948332.0 msβ⁺ (1%), β⁺p (0.046%)9/2+—
96Cd484895.9403411.00 sβ⁺ (1%), β⁺p (0.016%)0+—
106Cdstable4858105.906460Stable2β⁺0+124.5000%
108Cdstable4860107.904184Stable2β⁺0+88.8000%
110Cdstable4862109.903007Stablestable (1%)0+1247.0000%
111Cdstable4863110.904184Stablestable (1%)1/2+1279.5000%
112Cdstable4864111.902764Stablestable (1%)0+2410.9000%
113Cd4865112.9044088040000 Gyβ⁻ (1%)1/2+1222.7000%
114Cdstable4866113.903365Stable2β⁻0+2875.4000%
116Cd4868115.90476326900000000 Gy2β⁻ (1%)0+751.2000%
133Cd4885132.95261461.0 msβ⁻ (1%), β⁻n, 2n7/2-—
134Cd4886133.95763865.0 msβ⁻ (1%), β⁻n, 2n0+—
135Cdstable4887134.964766Stableβ⁻, β⁻n5/2-—

Click any isotope for its full page with decay chain:

94Cd95Cd96Cd97Cd98Cd99Cd100Cd101Cd102Cd103Cd104Cd105Cd106Cd107Cd108Cd109Cd110Cd111Cd112Cd113Cd114Cd115Cd116Cd117Cd118Cd119Cd120Cd121Cd122Cd123Cd124Cd125Cd126Cd127Cd128Cd129Cd130Cd131Cd132Cd133Cd134Cd135Cd
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