Periodic Table/Palladium
← RhAg →
46Pd106.4200 Da

Palladium

Transition Metal·Period 5, Group 10·d-block

Soft white ductile transition element. Found with some copper and nickel ores. Does not react with oxygen at normal temperatures. Dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston.

Gallery

Palladium Crystal, about 1 gram. Original size in cm: 0.5 x 1

Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/palladium.php

Bohr model of Palladium

Physical Propertiesmass · density · phase · crystal

Atomic Mass

106.4200Da

Density

12g/cm³

Phase (STP)

Solid

Melting Point

1827.9K

Boiling Point

3236.2K

Molar Heat

0.2460J/(mol·K)

Crystal Structure

FCC

Lattice Constant

3.890Å

Atomic Radiiatomic · covalent · van der Waals

Atomic (Empirical)

140.00pm

Covalent

120.00pm

Van der Waals

210.00pm

Electronic Propertieselectronegativity · ionization · affinity

Electron Configuration

[Kr] 4d10

Electron Shells

2, 8, 18, 18

Electronegativity

2.20Pauling

Electron Affinity

0.6kJ/mol

1st Ionization Energy

8.3kJ/mol

Oxidation States

0, +1, +2, +3, +4

Orbital DiagramAufbau · Hund's rule · Pauli exclusion

↑↓
1s2
↑↓
2s2
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
2p6
↑↓
3s2
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
3p6
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
3d10
↑↓
4s2
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
4p6
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
4d10

Full: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10Short: [Kr] 4d10

Ionization Energies (46 known)

1st8.3 kJ/mol2nd19.4 kJ/mol3rd32.9 kJ/mol4th46.0 kJ/mol5th61.0 kJ/mol6th84.1 kJ/mol7th101.0 kJ/mol8th120.0 kJ/mol9th141.0 kJ/mol10th159.9 kJ/mol11th238.6 kJ/mol12th260.0 kJ/mol13th286.0 kJ/mol14th311.0 kJ/mol15th342.0 kJ/mol16th369.1 kJ/mol17th427.0 kJ/mol18th457.5 kJ/mol19th810.0 kJ/mol20th869.0 kJ/mol21th933.0 kJ/mol22th1000.0 kJ/mol23th1065.0 kJ/mol24th1145.0 kJ/mol25th1218.0 kJ/mol26th1290.0 kJ/mol27th1366.0 kJ/mol28th1438.0 kJ/mol29th1644.0 kJ/mol30th1706.2 kJ/mol31th1781.3 kJ/mol32th1869.0 kJ/mol33th1962.0 kJ/mol34th2016.0 kJ/mol35th2181.0 kJ/mol36th2248.9 kJ/mol37th5284.0 kJ/mol38th5475.0 kJ/mol39th5683.0 kJ/mol40th5880.0 kJ/mol41th6242.0 kJ/mol42th6469.0 kJ/mol43th6759.0 kJ/mol44th6943.1 kJ/mol45th28776.0 kJ/mol46th29622.7 kJ/molSuccessive Ionization Energies

Emission Spectrumvisible range · characteristic spectral lines

512
424
Pd emission
380nm750nm
340.5 nm(100%)363.5 nm(60%)424.0 nm(30%)512.4 nm(20%)

Abundanceby mass

🌍Earth's Crust
15.0 ppb
🌊Ocean—
✨Universe
2.0 ppb
🧬Human Body—

Log scale · ppm = parts per million by mass

Biological Role

No biological role

No known biological role.

Discovery

Discovered By

William Wollaston

Named By

—

Year

1803

Nuclear Data

Known Isotopes

42

Stable Isotopes

6

Stable Mass Numbers

102, 104, 105, 106, 108, 110

Natural isotopic abundance (IUPAC recommended values)

Isotopes of Pd42 known

NuclideZNMass (AMU)Half-lifeDecayJπAbundance
90Pd464489.957370Unknownβ⁺, β⁺p, 2p0+—
91Pd464590.95043532.0 msβ⁺ (1%), β⁺p (0.031%)7/2+—
92Pd464691.9411921.06 sβ⁺ (1%), β⁺p (0.016%)0+—
102Pdstable4656101.905632Stable2β⁺0+102.0000%
104Pdstable4658103.904030Stablestable (1%)0+1114.0000%
105Pdstable4659104.905079Stablestable (1%)5/2+2233.0000%
106Pdstable4660105.903480Stablestable (1%)0+2733.0000%
108Pdstable4662107.903892Stablestable (1%)0+2646.0000%
110Pdstable4664109.905173Stable2β⁻0+1172.0000%
129Pd4683128.95933431.0 msβ⁻ (1%), β⁻n, 2n7/2-—
130Pd4684129.964863Unknownβ⁻, β⁻n, 2n0+—
131Pd4685130.972367Unknownβ⁻, β⁻n, 2n7/2-—

Click any isotope for its full page with decay chain:

90Pd91Pd92Pd93Pd94Pd95Pd96Pd97Pd98Pd99Pd100Pd101Pd102Pd103Pd104Pd105Pd106Pd107Pd108Pd109Pd110Pd111Pd112Pd113Pd114Pd115Pd116Pd117Pd118Pd119Pd120Pd121Pd122Pd123Pd124Pd125Pd126Pd127Pd128Pd129Pd130Pd131Pd
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