Periodic Table/Rhodium
← RuPd →
45Rh102.9055 Da

Rhodium

Transition Metal·Period 5, Group 9·s-block

Silvery white metallic transition element. Found with platinum and used in some platinum alloys. Not attacked by acids, dissolves only in aqua regia. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston.

Gallery

Pure Rhodium Bead, 1 gram. Original size in cm: 0.5

Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/rhodium.php

Bohr model of Rhodium

Physical Propertiesmass · density · phase · crystal

Atomic Mass

102.9055Da

Density

12.4000g/cm³

Phase (STP)

Solid

Melting Point

2236.2K

Boiling Point

3968.2K

Molar Heat

0.2430J/(mol·K)

Crystal Structure

FCC

Lattice Constant

3.800Å

Atomic Radiiatomic · covalent · van der Waals

Atomic (Empirical)

135.00pm

Covalent

125.00pm

Van der Waals

210.00pm

Electronic Propertieselectronegativity · ionization · affinity

Electron Configuration

[Kr] 4d8 5s

Electron Shells

2, 8, 18, 16, 1

Electronegativity

2.28Pauling

Electron Affinity

1.1kJ/mol

1st Ionization Energy

7.5kJ/mol

Oxidation States

-3, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6

Orbital DiagramAufbau · Hund's rule · Pauli exclusion

↑↓
1s2
↑↓
2s2
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
2p6
↑↓
3s2
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
3p6
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
3d10
↑↓
4s2
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
4p6
↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
↑
↑
4d8
↑
5s1

Full: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d8 5s1Short: [Kr] 4d8 5s

Ionization Energies (45 known)

1st7.5 kJ/mol2nd18.1 kJ/mol3rd31.1 kJ/mol4th42.0 kJ/mol5th63.0 kJ/mol6th80.0 kJ/mol7th97.0 kJ/mol8th115.1 kJ/mol9th135.0 kJ/mol10th207.5 kJ/mol11th228.0 kJ/mol12th252.1 kJ/mol13th277.0 kJ/mol14th306.0 kJ/mol15th331.6 kJ/mol16th389.3 kJ/mol17th416.0 kJ/mol18th739.0 kJ/mol19th794.0 kJ/mol20th857.0 kJ/mol21th921.0 kJ/mol22th984.0 kJ/mol23th1061.0 kJ/mol24th1131.0 kJ/mol25th1202.0 kJ/mol26th1274.0 kJ/mol27th1344.0 kJ/mol28th1544.0 kJ/mol29th1604.9 kJ/mol30th1677.6 kJ/mol31th1763.0 kJ/mol32th1851.0 kJ/mol33th1903.0 kJ/mol34th2063.0 kJ/mol35th2129.2 kJ/mol36th5018.0 kJ/mol37th5203.0 kJ/mol38th5406.0 kJ/mol39th5600.0 kJ/mol40th5940.0 kJ/mol41th6161.0 kJ/mol42th6444.0 kJ/mol43th6623.3 kJ/mol44th27487.0 kJ/mol45th28312.0 kJ/molSuccessive Ionization Energies

Emission Spectrumvisible range · characteristic spectral lines

438
440
381
421
Rh emission
380nm750nm
381.4 nm(100%)437.5 nm(50%)439.9 nm(40%)420.6 nm(30%)

Abundanceby mass

🌍Earth's Crust
1.0 ppb
🌊Ocean—
✨Universe
600.0 ppt
🧬Human Body—

Log scale · ppm = parts per million by mass

Biological Role

No biological role

No known biological role.

Discovery

Discovered By

William Wollaston

Named By

—

Year

1803

Nuclear Data

Known Isotopes

41

Stable Isotopes

2

Stable Mass Numbers

89, 103

Natural isotopic abundance (IUPAC recommended values)

Isotopes of Rh41 known

NuclideZNMass (AMU)Half-lifeDecayJπAbundance
88Rh454387.960429Unknownβ⁺——
89Rhstable454488.950992Stableβ⁺, β⁺p, p9/2+—
90Rh454589.94456929.0 msβ⁺ (1%), β⁺p (0.006999999999999999%)0+—
103Rhstable4558102.905494Stablestable (1%)1/2-10000.0000%
126Rh4581125.96006419.0 msβ⁻ (1%), β⁻n, 2n1-—
127Rh4582126.96378928.0 msβ⁻ (1%), β⁻n, 2n7/2+—
128Rh4583127.970649Unknownβ⁻, β⁻n, 2n——

Click any isotope for its full page with decay chain:

88Rh89Rh90Rh91Rh92Rh93Rh94Rh95Rh96Rh97Rh98Rh99Rh100Rh101Rh102Rh103Rh104Rh105Rh106Rh107Rh108Rh109Rh110Rh111Rh112Rh113Rh114Rh115Rh116Rh117Rh118Rh119Rh120Rh121Rh122Rh123Rh124Rh125Rh126Rh127Rh128Rh
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