Ruthenium
Hard white metallic transition element. Found with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus.
Gallery
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Physical Propertiesmass · density · phase · crystal
Atomic Mass
101.0700Da
Density
12.1000g/cm³
Phase (STP)
Solid
Melting Point
2606.2K
Boiling Point
4420.1K
Molar Heat
0.2380J/(mol·K)
Crystal Structure
HEX
Lattice Constant
2.700Å
Atomic Radiiatomic · covalent · van der Waals
Atomic (Empirical)
130.00pm
Covalent
125.00pm
Van der Waals
213.00pm
Electronic Propertieselectronegativity · ionization · affinity
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s
Electron Shells
2, 8, 18, 15, 1
Electronegativity
2.20Pauling
Electron Affinity
1.1kJ/mol
1st Ionization Energy
7.4kJ/mol
Oxidation States
-4, -2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8
Orbital DiagramAufbau · Hund's rule · Pauli exclusion
Full: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d7 5s1Short: [Kr] 4d7 5s
Ionization Energies (44 known)
Emission Spectrumvisible range · characteristic spectral lines
Abundanceby mass
Log scale · ppm = parts per million by mass
Biological Role
No known biological role. Some ruthenium complexes studied as anticancer agents.
Discovery
Discovered By
Karl Klaus
Named By
—
Year
1844
Nuclear Data
Known Isotopes
41
Stable Isotopes
7
Stable Mass Numbers
96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104
Natural isotopic abundance (IUPAC recommended values)
Isotopes of Ru41 known
| Nuclide | Z | N | Mass (AMU) | Half-life | Decay | Jπ | Abundance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 85Ru | 44 | 41 | 84.967117 | Unknown | β⁺, β⁺p, p | 3/2- | — |
| 86Ru | 44 | 42 | 85.957305 | Unknown | β⁺, β⁺p | 0+ | — |
| 87Ru | 44 | 43 | 86.950907 | Unknown | β⁺, β⁺p | 1/2- | — |
| 96Rustable | 44 | 52 | 95.907589 | Stable | 2β⁺ | 0+ | 554.0000% |
| 98Rustable | 44 | 54 | 97.905287 | Stable | stable (1%) | 0+ | 187.0000% |
| 99Rustable | 44 | 55 | 98.905930 | Stable | stable (1%) | 5/2+ | 1276.0000% |
| 100Rustable | 44 | 56 | 99.904210 | Stable | stable (1%) | 0+ | 1260.0000% |
| 101Rustable | 44 | 57 | 100.905573 | Stable | stable (1%) | 5/2+ | 1706.0000% |
| 102Rustable | 44 | 58 | 101.904340 | Stable | stable (1%) | 0+ | 3155.0000% |
| 104Rustable | 44 | 60 | 103.905425 | Stable | 2β⁻ | 0+ | 1862.0000% |
| 123Ru | 44 | 79 | 122.960762 | 19.0 ms | β⁻ (1%), β⁻n, 2n | 3/2+ | — |
| 124Ru | 44 | 80 | 123.963940 | 15.0 ms | β⁻ (1%), β⁻n, 2n | 0+ | — |
| 125Ru | 44 | 81 | 124.969544 | Unknown | β⁻, β⁻n, 2n | 3/2+ | — |